LB 3407 
.C5 
Copy 1 



The Educational Museum at Clark University 



Catalogue of the Department of 
School Hygiene 



BY 

WM. H. BURNHAM 

AND 

M. EVELYN FITZSIMMONS 



WORCESTER 
1912 



The Educational Museum at Clark University 



Catalogue of the Department of 
School Hygiene 



BY 

WM. H. BURNHAM 

AND 

M. EVELYN FITZSIMMONS 



WORCESTER 
1912 






am 

Bae Uninrslfcy 
JUL 6 1314 



THE EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNI- 
VERSITY : CATALOGUE OF THE DEPARTMENT 
OF SCHOOL HYGIENE 



By Wm, H. Burnham and M. Evelyn Fitzsimmons 



Introduction 

The general purpose of the Museum, namely, to show the 
evolutionary and dynamic aspects of education, is well illus- 
trated in the department of hygiene. The aim of this depart- 
ment is fourfold. 

First, the aim is to collect illustrative material of various 
kinds in the field of general hygiene, with special emphasis on 
development, nutrition, and preventable diseases. 

Second, the aim is to show the evolution of the modern 
schoolhouse and the structure and contents of a model school- 
room from the hygienic point of view. For this purpose 
charts, ground plans, working drawings, models, photographs, 
apparatus, and the like are collected. All of these are signifi- 
cant, whether they represent what is new or what is obsolete 
to-day. In the case of school furniture, for example, the aim 
is to show the evolution of the school seat and the school desk. 
Hence it is desired to collect the oldest seats and desks avail- 
able and those representing all stages of development, from 
primitive seats down to the best adjustable seats of to-day. 
This series is not yet complete, but a good beginning has been 
made in the seats and desks already purchased and in the 
charts which show the evolution of the school seat and desk. 

Third, the aim is to collect material illustrating the develop- 
ment and hygiene of the child, especially at school age. The 
attempt is made, by a series of models and charts, to show the 
development of the human being from the earliest embryonic 
stages throughout the whole period of development to com- 
plete maturity, and, when it is possible, to supplement this 
with illustrations of the stages of senescence, thus sketching 
the whole life history of the human individual. 

The attempt is also made here to collect models and charts 
illustrating common abnormalities that can be remedied by 
proper treatment during the period of growth. A good illus- 
tration of this is the set of models showing normal and maloc- 
clusion of the teeth. The classification is that of Dr. Angle 
of St. Louis. The models were prepared by the kindness of 
Dr. L. W. Baker of Harvard and are all made from actual 



527 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

cases. This is a typical case in point, because by suitable 
treatment, especially if given in the early years, normal devel- 
opment and normal occlusion can be obtained. The great 
importance of such treatment is shown by the fact that the 
investigations of Dr. P. H. Wright and others indicate that 
with the dental abnormalities several nasal defects are likely 
to be correlated, and that normal development of the teeth 
and the arch of the mouth is necessary for the normal develop- 
ment of the bony structure of the mouth and nose in general 
and of great importance for the general health of the individual. 
In many other cases of abnormal development similar results 
could be obtained probably by proper care and treatment dur- 
ing the early years. Models and charts illustrating any form 
of development and remediable abnormalities are desirable. 

Here and in the section on school sanitation the aim also is 
to show the evolution and present status of our knowledge in 
child hygiene and the methods and results of work in this field, 
especially the results of investigations in regard to the various 
school diseases, the incidence of these diseases, the effect of 
antitoxins, of cleanliness, etc. 

Fourth, the aim is to obtain material to illustrate the history 
and evolution of mental hygiene and the hygiene of instruc- 
tion. While under this head only a small amount of material 
has as yet been obtained, it is hoped ultimately to make this 
an important exhibit. 

Only a beginning has yet been made in the hygienic depart- 
ment of the Museum. The aim, however, is a definite one, 
namely, to show the evolution of hygiene and especially of 
child hygiene, and to collect the latest and best hygienic devices 
and apparatus. While at present in each section the material is 
inadequate and under many topics nothing has yet been col- 
lected, new accessions are being constantly made and it is 
hoped in the near future to fill many of the existing gaps. 

In spite of the incompleteness of the collection, it has 
seemed wise to publish this catalogue of the present contents 
of the department of hygiene, together with a statement of 
its aims, for the convenience of those who use the material 
and also to illustrate the general plans and purpose of the 
Educational Museum. 

The classification is elastic, and no effort has been made to 
prevent a certain amount of overlapping. The divisions are 
not rigorously logical but made for convenience, and the aim 
has been to place the emphasis on child hygiene and school 
hygiene rather than to give what might seem a natural and 
logical classification of the whole field of hygiene. 

The Museum takes this opportunity to express its cordial 
thanks to the many persons who have contributed to its con- 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 528 

tents or made suggestions for its development. Many physi- 
cians, hygienists, and educators have expressed their interest 
in this collection and have contributed important information. 
It is hoped to realize a large part of these suggestions ; and 
on behalf of the University the writers wish to express their 
great indebtedness to those who have responded so generously 
and have expressed their interest in the aims and scope of the 
Museum. 

The letters NH on the charts in the Museum refer to the 
section, Hygiene. The numbers in parentheses are the acces- 
sion numbers, inserted merely for the convenience of the 
Museum. The other numbers refer to the following scheme 
of classification, which is similar to that used in section N, 
the department of Education, in the University Library. 

1 General 

11 Prevention of disease 

12 Nutrition 

13 Special physiological functions 

2 Architecture and School Sanitation 

21 Playgrounds, outdoor schools, etc. 

22 Building plans etc. 

23 Heating, lighting, ventilation, and water supply 

24 Furniture and apparatus 

241 Blackboards, etc. 

242 Desks and seats 

243 Drinking cups 
249 Miscellaneous 

25 Cleanliness 

26 Hygienic apparatus 
29 Miscellaneous 

3 Hygiene of the Child 

31 Growth and physiological age 

32 Posture 

33 Eye 

34 Ear 

35 Voice, nose, throat, and teeth 

36 Diseases, first aid, etc. 

361 Scarlatina 

362 Diphtheria 

363 Measles 

364 Typhoid fever 
369 Miscellaneous 

2,y Effects of alcohol 
39 Miscellaneous 

4 Mental Hygiene and the Hygiene of Instruction 

41 Psychological age 

42 Mental hygiene 

43 Fatigue 

44 Period of study, etc. 

45 Grading 

46 Physical exercise 

47 Reading, spelling, etc. 
49 Miscellaneous 



529 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

i GENERAL HYGIENE 

11 Prevention of Disease 

Kean, J. R. — Chart showing mortality and morbidity from typhoid 
fever, 2nd division, 7th army corps. Jacksonville, Fla., 1898. 
(From Jour, of Am. Med. Assoc, Aug. 26, 191 1, p. 714.) 34 
x 42 in. (1007) 

Among 10,759 soldiers there were 2,693 cases of typhoid 
fever, resulting in 248 deaths, while the total death roll from 
all causes was only 281. 

Kean, J. R. — Chart showing mortality and morbidity from typhoid 
fever for maneuver division, San Antonio, Texas, Mar. 10- 
Jy. 10, 1911. (From Jour, of Am. Med. Assoc., Aug. 26, 1911, 
p. 714.) 42 x 42 in. (1006) 

This chart shows that among 12,801 soldiers at San Antonio 
in four months there was only one case of typhoid fever, no 
deaths from this disease, and only 11 deaths in all, while at 
the same time there were cases of typhoid fever and some 
deaths in that city. The difference between this and the 1898 
mortality (see preceding chart) is attributed to modern sani- 
tary precautions and preventive inoculation with typhoid anti- 
toxin. 

Single service milk bottles. (Gift of Single Service Pack. Co.) 

In quart and pint sizes, made of paper coated with par- 

affine. (i495) 

Tuberculosis exhibit. 34 pictures and 14 mottoes, each 7^2 x 9^ 
in., concerning prevention of tuberculosis, mounted in a wooden 
frame. Brayton. (1413) 

Tuberculosis pictures. 7^2 x g]/ 2 in. Brayton. (1419) 

63 photographs, showing wholesome and dangerous indus- 
tries, working conditions, district nursing, outdoor life, etc. 

Nietner, J. & Lorentz, Fr. — Tuberculosis chart. ( Wandtafel zur 
Tuberkulosebelehrung.) 27 l A x 50J/2 in. Miiller. (1149) 

This chart presents seven exhibits on the study of tuber- 
culosis by the German Central Committee, with explanations 
by J. Nietner and Fr. Lorentz. 

I. Exposed chest, showing heart, lungs and viscera in situ. 

II. Cluster of air vesicles taken from lungs, highly magnified. 

III. Relation of blood capillaries to air vesicles. IV. Three 
stages of the development of the disease in a single air 
vesicle. V. Four stages of development of the disease in a 
single lobe of the lung. VI. Tubercle bacilli as they would 
appear under microscope magnifying 2,000 diameters. VII. 
Curves showing death rate for 10,000 in Prussia since 1875; 
while general death rate decreases from more than 260 to 
less than 160 per 10,000, deaths from tuberculosis decrease 
from 32 to 15 per 10,000 in the same period. 

Pauchet, Victor. — La vie hygienique ; reglement de chaque jour. 
21V2 x 2gy 2 in. Paulin. " (n53) 

Outline chart of hygienic regulations for each day, as to 
morning exercises, toilet, breakfast, manner of eating, pre- 
cautions as to ventilation and temperature during the day, 
and the hygienic conditions of the sleeping room. The chart 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 530 

also gives general directions concerning foods, menus, drinks, 
clothing, houses, etc., as well as concerning the more social 
factors of sports, recreations, punishments, etc. (Loaned by 
the Library.) 

See also 369 Miscellaneous diseases. Trumpp, J. — Children's 
diseases. 

Lantern slides. 

5 Lantern slides on the fly. 

23 " " hygiene (miscellaneous). 

5 " " " milk. 

12 " " " mosquitoes. 

3 " " " typhoid fever. 

12 " " " tuberculosis. 

Motion picture aims. Kleine. (1414) 

The Fly Pest. 

This is an instructive film for the motion picture machine 
showing blow flies laying eggs in putrid meat ; eggs attacked 
by the Ichneumon fly ; the hatch ; maggots in various stages ; 
pupae ; the fly, wingless, emerging from the earth ; full grown ; 
tongue and foot of the fly, greatly enlarged ; various examples 
of flies carrying contagion, etc. 

12 Nutrition 

Composition of food materials. — 15 charts prepared by C. F. 
Langworthy, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 20^ x 26H in. 

1. Milk and milk products (1164) 

2. Eggs and cheese (1165) 

3. Meat, fresh and cured (1166) 

4. Fish, fish products and oysters (1167) 

5. Butter and other fat-yielding foods (1168) 

6. Cereal grains (1169) 

7. Bread and other cereal foods (1170) 

8. Sugar and similar foods (1171) 

9. Roots and succulent vegetables (1172) 

10. Legumes and corn (1173) 

11. Fresh and dried fruit (1174) 

12. Fruit and fruit products (1175) 

13. Nuts and nut products (1176) 

14. Compositions, uses and function of food (1177) 

15. Dietary standards (1178) 

20 lantern slides on nutrition. Foltz & Fuller. 

Nutritive value of some of the most important foods. 

Jars containing relative amounts of the various constituents 
of foods. Bad. Lehr. A. 

Bacon (1909) 

Beer, Brown (1907) 

Bread, Rye (1902) 

Bread, White (1906) 

Butter (1894) 

Cheese, Pot (1901) 

Cheese, Rich (1900) 

Cheese, Skim-milk (1893) 

Cocoa (" Stollwerck") (1912) 

Cream (1899) 



531 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 



Eggs 


(1910) 


Fish, Dried 


(1903) 


Fruit, Dried 


(1896) 


Fruit, Fresh 


(1905) 


Kohlrabi 


(1892) 


Meat, Medium fat 


(1898) 


Meat (Medium fat, smoked and salted) 


(1904) 


Milk, Cow's 


(1914) 


Mushrooms 


(1897) 


Peas 


(1911) 


Potato 


(1895) 


Wheaten flour 


(1913) 


Wine, Table 


(1908) 



These glass jars contain the -exact number of grammes of 
the actual food constituents, water, proteid, etc., in a sample 
of 100 grammes of several of the principal foods, e. g., the 
five jars for Rich Cheese contain: 
Cheese. Water Protein Fat Salt 

100 grammes 33 35 30 2 

Those for Meat (Medium fat, smoked and salted) 
Meat Water Protein Fat Salt 

100 grammes 47 31 11 11 

The pedagogical value of a device like the above lies in its 
concreteness, in the strong sensory appeal it makes, in the live 
interest it awakens by presenting the exact constituents of 
foods used every day. 

Milk. — 5 quart milk bottles, each containing one of the ingredi- 
ents of milk in amount equal to its proportion of the whole 
quart. Ed. Ex. Co. (1891) 

13 Special Physiological Functions 

Strips of -figures for use in a soetrope, showing the movements 
of the stomach in digestion. Harv. App. Co. (1163) 

Zoe trope for above. Int. Inst. Co. (1198) 

2 ARCHITECTURE AND SCHOOL SANITATION 

21 Playgrounds, Outdoor Schools, etc. 

Outdoor schools. — 13 photographs of Chicago outdoor schools. 
6x8 and 11 x 14 in. McCormick. (1801-1802) 

Eskimo suit, gloves and boots, such as are worn in outdoor 
schools. McCormick. (i797- x 799) 

22 Building Plans, etc. 

Model school buildings at Kirksville, Mo. (1104) 

This shows three floors, heating and ventilating systems, 

seating and lighting facilities, with method of construction, 

drainage, sanitation, etc. (See Bull, of the First District 

Normal School, Kirksville, Mo., June, 191 1.) 

School houses. 

14 photographs of school buildings (Chicago) of modern 
design; bound in booklet form. (mo) 

5 model Texan school buildings. (Procured through the 
courtesy of Prof. A. C. Ellis, University of Texas.) 

(I793-I796, 1800) 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 532 

Pamphlets on model buildings. Gift of Dr. R. W. Corwin. 

(1421) 

"Little red schoolhouse," Dist. 5, Abbot Hill, Wilton, N. H. 

Colored photograph. Plumer. (1917) 

8 blue prints of the Winsor School, Longwood, Mass. 27 
x 36 in. R. Clipston Sturgis, Architect. (1696-1703) 

9 blue prints of the Sarah J. Baker primary school, Lewis 
District, Boston, Mass. 24 x 40 in. J. A. Schweinfurth and 
John J. Craig, Architects. Gift of Boston Schoolhouse Com- 
mission through the courtesy of Mr. Charles Logue. 

(1833-1841) 
27 blue prints of the Abraham Lincoln School, Winthrop- 
Brimmer District, Boston, Mass. 24% x 34^ in. A. W. 
Longfellow, Architect. Makepeace. (1995-2021) 

12 blue prints of the primary school, Eliot and Hancock 
Districts, Boston, Mass. 23^ x 35 '4 in. Winslow & Bigelow, 
Architects. Makepeace. (1842-1853) 

21 blue prints of the Cheverus School, Blackinton District, 
East Boston, Mass. 22 x 36 in. Brainerd & Leeds, Archi- 
tects. Cobe. (1955-1975) 

23 Heating, Lighting, Ventilation, and Water Supply. 

Burgerstein, Leo. — Wandtafeln sur Schnlhygiene. 39^2 in. x 
55 in. K. k. Schulb. Verl. (ioi6d-ioi6f) 

1. Water Supply. (ioi6d) 
This chart deals with the arrangement of wells, arrange- 
ments for drinking, details of construction and individual 
cups. Fig. 1, Soil drainage and the virtues of shallow and 
deep wells ; Fig. 2, Child using sanitary drinking fountain ; 
Figs. 3-5, Mechanism of sanitary drinking fountains; Figs. 
6 and 7, Racks for holding individual drinking cups. 

2. Ventilation. (ioi6e) 
Fig. 1, Proper positions for inlet and exhaust with means 

for preventing back currents in a commercial ventilator. Fig. 
2, Disadvantages of ventilation through doors and windows ; 
Fig. 3, Device for cleaning and filtering the air and for secur- 
ing proper humidity as air enters room ; Fig. 4, Ventilation 
by streams of air directed from natural wind currents by 
scoops through pipes. 

3. Heating. (ioi6f) 
Plans for warm water, low pressure steam, and gas heating 

systems, with special reference to the methods for insuring 
proper circulation in pipes ; also devices for keeping the cur- 
rent of heated air as near the radiating surface as possible. 

6 lantern slides on ventilation. Foltz & Fuller. 

24 Furniture and Apparatus 

241 Blackboards, etc. 

Schulwandtafel aus Holz im Gestell sum drehen; zwei 
Schreib-flachen. 100 x 150 cm. Stechert. (485) 

Reversible wooden blackboard on portable wooden frame, 
horizontal central pivot, adjustable to three heights. Detach- 
able chalk and eraser box. 



533 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

Schwamm- mid Kreide-Behdlter. Stechert. (484) 

An individual wall case for sponge and chalk. 

Dustless removable blackboard trough. (1103) 

Model of shallow screen-top trough for collecting dust 
from blackboards and erasers. 

242 Desks and seats. 

Chandler desk. Chandler. (1055) 

Non-adjustable desk with lift top and enclosed book 
receptacle. 
Chandler desk and chair. Chandler. (1052) 

School desk adjustable as to height, and with top ad- 
justable to plus and minus distances; lift top, enclosed 
book receptacle, outside and inside pencil rack, vulcan- 
ized rubber ink well, etc. Separate stool with back, both 
stool and back having separate vertical adjustment. 

Chandler desks and chairs, No. 3 and No. 4. Chandler. 

(1053-1054) 
Chair and desk each adjustable to height, mounted on 
portable platform, lift top, enclosed book receptacle, pencil 
racks, ink well, etc. 

Moulthrop movable school chair. Langslow. (1867) 

This has a simple writing shelf instead of a desk, 
which is adjustable both as to height and distance, and 
a box for books under the seat. 

American steel adjustable desk and chair, with sliding top. 
Am. Seat Co. (1810) 

The aim has been to combine the essentials of a hy- 
gienic seat, and there is no filigree work or the like to 
catch the dust. 

Esmarch, E. von. — Anschauungstafeln fiir Vortr'dge iiber 
die Schulbank. 2,9%. x 5o>4 in. Miiller. (1021-1036) 

Sixteen wall charts representing the numerous problems 
of adapting school seats to hygienic positions of the 
body. This set of charts shows the evolution of the school 
seat and desk. 

1. Origin of school seat; chief proportions. (1021J 
Relation of seat and desk, illustrating plus and minus 

distances. 

2. Development of seat and back rest. (1022) 
Relation of seat and back, with numerous types of 

back rests. 

3. Plus and minus distance. (1023) 
Positions of pupils with seats at plus and minus dis- 
tances, two sitting and two standing postures. 

4. Harmful posture with too great difference. (1024) 
Improper positions in seat with too great difference ; two 

side and two back views. 

5. Movable desk covers. (1025) 
Movements of desk top for convenience of school 

work; (a) back fold; (b) horizontal swing; (c) hori- 
zontal slide; (d) lift desk and back swinging seat. 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 534 

6. Movable seats. (1026) 
Movable seats with various positions of the articulat- 
ing support; (a) low, medium, and high points of sup- 
port; (b) swinging, sliding, folding, rotating seats, with 
characteristic movements. 

7. Multiple seats with sections. (1027) 
Two patterns of multiple benches with openings. 

8. Standing at side, with double seated bench. (1028) 
Proper positions in seat for convenience of stepping out 

and standing beside the seat. 

9. Distribution of pupils in the classroom. (1029) 
Distribution of pupils in a large and a small room, the 

number and width of the aisles, with multiple benches. 

10. Cleaning a classroom; clearing the floor. (1030) 
This chart shows the width of desks and aisles, with a 

method of hinging the desk on one side to the floor for 
convenience in sweeping. 

11. Full seat and middle seat system. (1031) 
This system (a) has seat and back on the same plat- 
form; (b) has desk and seat on same platform, but uses 
the adjacent desk as back; (c) desk employs seat attached 
to it on the same platform with adjacent desk. 

12. The Mittelholm system. (1032) 

13. Double school bench with foot board. (1033) 
School bench and desk, full size, with points for meas- 
uring height, distance, etc. 

14. School bench with movable seat. (1034) 
Simple movable seats, stationary desks. Metal frame of 

standards and bases with wood mountings for desk seat 
and back. 

15. Home seats. (1035) 
Adjustments on seat, desk, back and foot rest. 

16. Postures in writing. (1036) 
Proper and improper positions in seat for both vertical 

and slant writing. 

Library chair; adapted from measurements of the Vienna 
School Expert Commission, by Dr. William H. Burn- 
ham. (1057) 

Vienna School Expert Commission's desk, largest size. 

(1056) 
This is a plain box desk with top adjustable to plus 
and minus distances, arranged so that only minus distance 
opens ink well for writing. Solid box seat with com- 
pound curve in both seat and back. The whole is mounted 
on a portable open frame. 

Gauge for adjusting chairs and desks. (1052a) 

This standard gauge consists of a stick, with an ordinary 
inch scale on one side, and on the other side a scale gradu- 
ated to 11/16 inch divisions. On the stick slide cross 
arms, one for measuring the pupil in sitting posture, and 
the other for measuring the chair. The double scale auto- 
matically gives height of desk when height of chair is 



535 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

determined. (See Boston Schoolhouse Dept., Annual Re- 
port, 1906, p. 86.) 

Walter, Anton. — Schulzimmer-Einrichtung. 23 x 2g l /2 in. 
(Loaned by the Library.) Walter. (1151) 

This chart shows plans for arrangement of school fur- 
niture in relation to doors, windows, etc., in the school- 
room. 

Walter, Anton. — Schulbank. 31 x 40 in. (Loaned by the 
Library.) Walter. (1152) 

This chart gives working drawings for school seats and 
desks, of six different sizes, for pupils from 100 to 160 
cm. in height. It gives also measurements for four dif- 
ferent sizes. The height of seats for girls should be 1 
cm. less than the chart indicates. These drawings are 
designed to enable any carpenter to build seats and desks 
adapted to the needs of children in rural districts. 

" There is a definite conception in regard to the essen- 
tial features of an hygienic seat and desk. The main 
points are as follows: (1) The height of the seat should 
equal the length of the child's leg from the bend of the 
knee to the sole of the foot. (2) The width of the seat 
should equal about three-quarters the length of the upper 
leg- (3) The seats should have a back-rest for the small 
of the back above the hip-bones opposite the last lumbar 
vertebra. This is especially important. (4) There should 
be a support for the back under the shoulders. (5) The 
seats should be sufficiently large to enable the child to 
change position, and the front edge of the seat should be 
a little higher than the back and rounded off. (6) The 
dimensions of the desk should be sufficient for the ac- 
commodation of books and the like. (7) The slope 
should be about 45 degrees for reading and 15 degrees 
for writing. (8) The difference, or distance from the 
seat to the edge of the desk, should be such that the 
child, when sitting erect, can easily place both arms on 
the desk without lowering or raising the shoulders. A 
convenient rule is that the difference should equal the dis- 
tance from the seat-bone to the elbow plus 1.5 cm. (9) 
The distance of the seat from the desk may be zero, plus, 
or minus. For convenience in taking the seat and in 
standing a plus distance is required ; for writing a minus 
distance of 2 inches is necessary. Such are the essential 
features, and there is practically a consensus of all au- 
thorities in regard to them. To insure them, both seat 
and desk must be adjustable to different heights. And 
it is of prime importance not only to have the seat of 
the right height, but also to have the correct difference 
and the proper distance, since upon these chiefly depends 
a correct sitting posture. That the distance may be plus 
for reading and minus for writing, it is necessary to 
have either a movable seat or a sliding desk. For obtaining 
a slope of 45 degrees for reading and 15 for writing, the 
desk must be adjustable to different angles; and an ideal 
seat would have a back-rest adjustable to the individual, 
such as some teachers' chairs are provided with. In a 
word, the seat and desk should be automatically adjustable 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY [^536 

as regards height, difference, distance, backrest, and desk- 
slope." (Quoted from the article on School Hygiene by 
Wm. H. Burnham in Johnson's Cyclopedia, 1899. Vol. 10.) 

243 Drinking cups. 

Aseptic drinking cup. Gift of Am. Water Sup. Co. 

(1046) 
Both folding and non-folding patterns, made from par- 
affine paper. 

Purifold drinking cup. Gift of Burn. Mfg. Co. (1047) 

Aseptic paper drinking cup, folding pattern. 

Sunflower drinking cup. Gift of Meyer Bros. Dr. Co. 

(1051) 
These cups are of the standard pattern, made of 
aluminum and covered with a metallic lid. 

Finback drinking cup cabinet and cups. Loaned by 
Stone and Forsyth. (2042) 

Home-made drinking cup. 
249 Miscellaneous apparatus. 

Sanitary pencil holder. Bardeen. (1494) 

Fibre wastebasket. (1422) 

Jacobus pneumatic ink-well. Gift of Jacobus Co. (1117) 
Glass non-spillable ink-well for use in school desks. 

Arranged to hold the ink even when the desks are tipped 

over by janitor in sweeping. 

Tannewitz ink-well. Gift of Tannewitz Co. (1832) 

Liquid soap container. Gift of Stone & Forysth. (2043) 
Rhoads' writing machine. Limeburner. (1919) 

This is a device for writing with closed eyes, not for 

the blind, but to relieve those suffering from eye-strain 

or in danger of it. 

25 Cleanliness 

Scott Tissue Towels. (Gift of Scott Paper Co.) (1108) 

In sanitary fixture. Designed to provide individual clean 
towels. 

Paper towels. (Gift of Stone & Forsyth.) (2044) 

Brushes. (Gift of the Somerville Brush Co.) 

Sanitary bowl brush. (1220) 

Radiator brush. (1221) 

Wall brush, and handle. (1222) 

Cotton duster. (1223) 

Improved window brush. (1225) 

Improved duster, called a "Dust catcher." (1224) 

Cabinet for disinfecting books by moist hot air. (Ordered) 

" The apparatus consists of a double walled case of galvan- 
ized iron. The space between the walls is filled with water. 
Heat is supplied from beneath. The shelves for the books are 
perforated or of wire. The moisture is supplied by water 



537 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

dripping from the roof onto a flat dish of porous material 
which is soaked full and then gives up the water in the form 
of vapor. The thermometer and hair-hygrometer are fastened 
to the inside of the door, which is fitted with a glass pane 
so that they can be read." (L. B. Nice, Fed. Sent., 191 1. Vol. 
18, p. 201.) 

26 Hygienic Apparatus 

Hygrodeik. Hohmann & Maurer. (1040) 

An instrument for determining the humidity of the atmos- 
phere by means of the wet and dry bulb thermometers. By 
adjusting sliding pieces to the height of the mercury in the 
two thermometers, an index is made to point to a number 
on a standard chart, indicating the humidity of the atmosphere. 

Hygrometer. Kny-Scheerer. (2055) 

Pettersson-Palmqvist apparatus for determining carbon dioxide. 

(1044) 

" The instrument consists of a measuring vessel, A,* con- 
nected with a U-shaped burette, B, from which communica- 
tion can be made by a small stop-cock, b, a manometer fg, 
containing a graduated scale nearly horizontal ; and two stop- 
cocks, f and g, by means of which communication can be 
made with the air. One side of the manometer, f, is in com- 
munication with the measuring vessel A. The burette, B, 
contains a saturated solution of caustic potash (KOH). The 
flask, E, contains mercury, and by raising it when the stop- 
cock, c, is open, the mercury will rise in the flask, A, and 
the air will be forced out. If the flask, E, be lowered, the 
mercury will flow from the measuring tube, and the amount 
of air entering A can be measured by the gradations. When 
the measuring tube, A, is full of air, the stop-cocks, c, b, f, 
and g, being open, the position of the drop of liquid in the 
horizontal tube of the manometer is accurately read. The 
stop-cocks, c, b, f, and g are closed, that at b, opened, and the 
vessel, E, raised, driving the air out of the measuring tube, 
A, into the absorption burette, B. This operation of raising 
and lowering the flask, E, is repeated several times ; it is 
then lowered, and the air is drawn over into the measuring 
burette ; the cock, a, is then opened, and the vessel E manipu- 
lated until the reading on the horizontal scale agrees with that 
in the beginning of the test. The reading of the graduated 
tube A, gives directly the amount of carbon dioxide. The 
determinations are made with air of ordinary humidity, and 
there is a slight correction due to this fact, which is not likely 
to equal, in any case, one part of carbon dioxide in one million 
parts of air." (R. C. Carpenter, " Heating and Ventilating 
Buildings." Quoted by W. E. McGown in Ped. Sem., 1910, 
v. 17, P- 487-) 
Thermograph, Self-recording. — 7 days. Cambridge B. S. Co. 

(1863) 

Scale reads from -30 to no F., subdivided into 1-5 degrees. 

Barograph, Self-recording barometer. — 8 days. Cambridge B. S. 
Co. (1862) 

* The lettering that follows refers to the cut of the instrument which 
has not been reproduced here. 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 538 

Thermometer, Weather report. Queen. (1869) 

Ozonator. Gen. Elec. Co. (1864) 

A small ozone generator to destroy odors and purify the 
air. 

Psychrometer, Sling. Hohmann & Maurer. (1154) 

This instrument consists of a wet and dry bulb thermometer, 
provided with a handle, which permits the thermometers to 
be whirled rapidly; the bulbs being thus strongly affected by 
the temperature and moisture of the air, the humidity can 
be quickly determined. 

Barometer, School. Cambridge B. S. Co. (1483) 

Aluminum scale, graduated into the Metric and English 
systems. 

Rendtorff air thermometer. Cambridge B. S. Co. (1484) 

Wolpcrt, 11. — Original Carbacidometer. Bad. Lehr. Co. (893) 

Apparatus for testing the amount of carbon dioxide in the 

air. Simple pamphlet text accompanies the set. The apparatus 

is equally serviceable in the home and in the school room. 

Lambrecht's Polymcter. Stechert. (1987) 

A widely used German hygrometer. 

Sanifacient Humidifier. Sanifacient H. Co. (1918) 

This apparatus consists of a reel, covered with cloth, ad- 
justed so that it dips into a tank of water when revolved 
by an electric fan. It is used especially for humidifying the 
air in large store-rooms for tobacco, but will provide sufficient 
moisture for humidifying an ordinary small schoolroom. 

Anemometer, Hicks. Cambridge B. C. Co. (1861) 

An instrument for measuring the velocity of the wind. This 
anemometer has 6 dials, reading to 10,000,000 feet, with dis- 
connector for fly-wheel. 

Pleier's Raumwinkelmesser. Schmidt & H. ( T 947) 

An apparatus for testing the light at a school desk by 
measuring the " area-angle," i. e., the area of the sky in 
" square-degrees " that sends light to the desk, reduced to a 
horizontal plane with regard to the angle of incidence of 
the light. 

3 HYGIENE OF THE CHILD 

31 Growth and Physiological Age 

6 models of various stages of gestation. Bad. Lehr. A. 

(I948-I9S3) 

1. Embryo about 6 weeks old, considerably enlarged. (1948) 

2. Uterus with embryo in first month of gestation. (1949) 

3. Uterus with embryo in third month of gestation. (1950) 

4. Uterus with foetus (pelvic presentation) in 4-5 month. 

(i95i) 

5. Uterus with foetus (breech presentation) in 5th month. 

(1952) 

6. Uterus with foetus (normal presentation, placenta with 
umbilical cord visible). (i953) 



539 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

Human anatomical model (female). Gresham. (2025) 

A life-size reproduction of the dissections of the various 

parts of the human body, showing the relations of internal 

organs to one another as well as the interior of the uterus 

and its contents at the different stages of pregnancy. 

X-ray photographs (16) of the carpal bones and epiphyses of the 
wrist and hand at different stages of osseous development 
(taken by Dr. T. M. Rotch of Harvard University). 8 x 10 
in. and 10 x 12 in. (1715-1716) 

Such illustrations of the development in the wrist and hand 
are supposed to be correlated with the general physical develop- 
ment and may be used, in the opinion of Dr. Rotch, as signs 
of physiological age. (Rotch, T. M. Roentgen ray methods 
applied to the grading of early life. Proc. 4th Cong. Am. Sch. 
Hyg. Assoc, 1910, pp. 184-199.) 

Figures showing the physical proportions of children at different 
ages according to the canons of Geyer and others. (2026-2040) 

Boy half a year old. (2026) 

Boy one year old. (2027) 

Boy three years old. (2028) 

Geyer's canon for boy three years old. (2029) 

Boy six years old. (2030) 

Girl four to five years old. (2031) 

Geyer's canon for seven-year-old boy. (2032) 

Boy seven years old. (2033) 

Boy ten years old. (2034) 

Geyer's canon for ten-year-old girl. (2035) 

Girl eleven years old. (2036) 

Boy twelve years old. (2037) 

Geyer's canon for twelve-year-old girl. (2038) 
Normal stages of development in youth according to 

Geyer. (2039) 

The proportions of growth. (2040) 

Tables of growth, by Dr. Franz Boas. (2045-2048) 

1. Physiological development. (2045) 

2. Annual increments for different parts, of the body. (2046) 

3. Absolute measurements for New England school children. 
Males. (2047) 

4. Absolute measurements for New England school children. 
Females. (2048) 

(See the article on Growth in Monroe's Cyclopedia of Edu- 
cation, vol. 3. N. Y., Macmillan, 1912). 

Burgerstein, Leo. — Wandtafeln zur Schulhygiene. 39^ x 55 in. 
K. k. Schulb. V. (ioi6a-ioi6b) 

Chart A, Morbidity. (1016a) 

Growth in weight and height, study period and sleep ; 
curves show the relative increase in height and weight between 
the ages of 12 to 20 inclusive. " Key of Stockholm investi- 
gated morbidity, increase in height and weight, study periods 
and sleep in the High School pupils of Sweden. He utilized 
the method of Hertel of Kopenhagen. The data secured came 
from over eleven thousand pupils. The details of this investi- 
gation are here charted by Burgerstein. He shows in figure 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 540 

N °- r > ?hart 'A,' among other things, that the percentage 
ot morbidity increases up to fourteen years of age and then 
decreases up to seventeen years, and then increases to the 
end of the high school period. He states that these curves 
may be accepted as representing not only conditions existing 
in Sweden but conditions as they exist generally; and that 
the requirements of school work should take into consideration 
the natural fluctuations of the resistance of the individual 
against permanently harmful influences and that special care 
should be taken in arranging school work to prevent the 
increase of morbidity during the prepubescent period 

Figure Two, Chart ' A,' shows that the total working period 
(recitation and study) among the Swedish children investi- 
gated by Key is on the average almost seven hours a day 
for eleven-year-old pupils, and is over eleven hours daily for 
the pupils in the highest classical and scientific classes : and 
that throughout, the average periods of sleep are more than 
one hour too short— ' nine hours for pupils eleven years old 
and seven hours for pupils nineteen years old.' These condi- 
tions are admitted to be local, but Burgerstein points out the 
tact that scanty local reports made in other countries lead 
one to assume that the total day's work is frequently too much 
and the amount of sleep is frequently too little. 

"The text under Chart 'A' further brings out general 
additional interesting facts. First, in general the pupils in 
Keys investigation who worked in excess of the average 
number of hours daily showed a higher morbidity by %2% 
than those pupils who worked less than the average number 
ot hours. (In Stockholm this difference was 5.2%) Second 
the pupils who spent less than the average amount of time in 
home study included 52.2% of those pupils who had difficulty 
in keeping up with their classes. The pupils who work 
overtime appear to be the more capable pupils. The text states 
that Key found that only those pupils get enough sleep who 
sit in classes that are considerably lower than the class 
prescribed for their ages." (T. A. Storey, Fed. Sent., 1011 

Vol. IK, p. IO4.) ' 

Chart B, influence of season upon resistance to diseases and 
upon growth. Curves cover all the months except August 
and September, for the first eight grades of school. (1016b) 

"This chart is made up of three parts, (r) A dotted curve 
represents the admissions by months to five hospitals for 
children in Vienna for the years from 1898 to 1904, and covers 
40,144 cases in total. (2) A heavy lined curve represents the 
absences by months from school in a small Austrian city 

«%P upis were between eleven and fifteen years of age 
The curve of morbidity is based on hospital returns 'for 
children of both sexes between the ages of o and 14 years who 
came from the poorer classes in a large citv. The curve for 
absences is based on returns from pupils between the a°-es of 
eleven and fifteen coming from better homes, and attending boys' 
schools m a small city. In spite of the variety of conditions 
concerned both curves show from a hygienic point of view 
unfavorable periods of the year for Central Europe The 
greatest number of admissions to the children's hospitals and 
the greatest number of absences from school occurred near 
the end of the calendar year and during March and April 



541 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

"(3) The third set of facts presented in Chart 'B' refer 
to the variations in gains in weight in a group of one hun- 
dred girls observed by Hanssen. These girls were from six 
to sixteen years old. They were weighed once each quarter 
for five years. The results of these observations are plotted 
on the chart and show that the greatest gains came during 
July and August, the vacation period, and that the gains 
decreased from September to June in the school period. 
These facts are taken to indicate a need for a vacation during 
the month of December and another in March or April." 
(T. A. Storey, Fed. Sem., March, 191 1. Vol. 18, p. 105.) 

32 Posture 

Goldthwait, Joel E. — Photographs illustrating erect posture and 
malpositions. — 6 photographs. 21 x 30 in. (93oa-930f) 

(See Goldthwait's "Relation of posture to human efficiency," 
etc., p. 16 et seq.) 

A. Man standing in slouch position, a departure from the 
normal pose with flexion of the knees and absence of lumbar 
curvature. (930a) 

" There are many variations of these met with which demand 
consideration if anything approaching normal health is the 
standard desired in the treatment of these individuals." 

B. Boy standing with hands in pocket. (930b) 
" If we leave the habit of standing with the hands in the 

low trousers pockets uncorrected, our treatment of the round 
shoulder will avail little, because in this position the shoulders 
must drag forward and the chest must be flattened." 

C and D. Early Greek figures, erect, side and front views. 

(930c, 93od) 

" The head is erect and in such balance that all the muscles 
must be in easy contraction, making possible any movement 
forward, backward or sidewise. . . . The shoulders are 
erect, in which position all the muscles are in easy contrac- 
tion. . . . So, also, of the legs, there is no strain, but 
every part is ready for full duty with the least waste in either 
time or energy." 

E. Figure of a modern athlete. (930e) 
" As finely balanced as any of the early Greeks. ... It 

is not to be wondered at that such a type is able to win 
events from less well-poised competitors." 

F. St. Gaudens' figure of Lincoln. (93of) 
" . . . which is remarkable in that even though the 

figure is depicted in repose, with one knee relaxed, the trunk 
is perfectly erect so that the poise of the head is free from 
strain and the visceral function, or support, can in no way 
be disturbed." 

Spinal curvature. (1485) 

47 photographs from the Children's Hospital, Boston, show- 
ing spinal curvature. 

Manual training charts. Beijers. (9943-9940) 

16 charts in black and white. These charts show proper 
positions while working with various tools in manual train- 
ing room, with one chart (No. 16) showing effects of mal- 
positions. 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 542 

Posture at desk. (1050) 

Chart shows two common malpositions in writing, with the 

type of temporary lateral spinal curvature accompanying each. 

Brillengeradhalter nach Miiller. (1045) 

An instrument in the form of open spectacles for pupil to 
wear, to prevent lowering the head over the desk while read- 
ing or studying. Arranged to close the visual opening auto- 
matically when the head is lowered. 

33 Eye 

Cohn, Hermann. — Tdfelchen zur Priifung der Sehleistung und 

Sehschiirfe. (Loaned by the Library.) Priebatsch. (1041) 

A simple device for displaying the letter E in various 

positions in testing the child's visual acuity. Brief test gives 

tables and discussion on the use of the device. 

Ftirst, M. — Sehpriifungstafel. Voss. (1058) 

Folding slate crayon book with graduations and distances at 
which child should distinguish white on black as will be re- 
quired in blackboard work. 

Pfliiger — Sehproben und Sehpriifung. Optotypi Pfliiger. 2. Aufl. 
Sallmann. (1020) 

A set of charts for testing visual acuity, employing the let- 
ter E in various positions and sizes from those almost micro- 
scopy to 15 cm. in length, with chartings of the distance 
at which a normal eye should distinguish them. Accompany- 
ing the charts also is a wooden letter E, 6 cm. by 8 cm., 
for use in the same manner as the charts. 

McCallie, J. M. Eye tests for the illiterate (10 cards). 
McCallie, J. M. Eye tests for the literate (12 cards). 

Seggcl, K. L. F. — Sehproben-Tafeln zur Priifung des Lichtsinns. 
(Loaned by the Library.) Riedel. (1042) 

Charts with black letters on a white ground and with black 
letters on light, medium and dark gray grounds. There is 
also a brief discussion, with tables for calculating visual 
acuity with varying degrees of contrast. Put up in booklet 
form, with charts as folded inserts. 

Snellen's vision chart for schools. Hardy. (1416) 

Roethlein, B. E. Relative legibility of different faces of printing 
types. (1412) 

Allport, Frank E. 

Four pamphlets on the eyes and ears of school children, 
with proof of vision chart. (1420) 

17 lantern slides. 

34 Ear 

See 33 Eye. Allport's pamphlets. 

35 Voice, Nose, Throat, and Teeth 

Model of the larynx, with tongue. Stechert. (36) 

Model of a tooth, much enlarged. Montaudon. (Ordered) 



543 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

8 plaster of Paris models showing normal and malocclusion of 
the teeth. Roberts. (1977-1984) 

The different forms of malocclusion are represented by 
models made from actual cases, according to Dr. Angle's 
classification, under the direction of Dr. Lawrence W. Baker 
of Harvard University. 

lessen. — Sound and decayed teeth. {Wandtafel uber gesunde 
und kranke Z'dhne.) 2^/4 x sg l /i in - Lehmann. (70) 

This chart shows (a) milk-teeth and permanent teeth, with 
tables of age at which the units of each set should appear; 
(b) superposition of the two sets in growth; (c) various 
stages of tooth decay; (d) a mouth of decayed teeth, with 
the same set after having been scientifically treated ; (e) some 
supernumerous growths of teeth in young children and results 
of lack of care of teeth. 

Framed photograph of girl showing facial distortion caused by 
poor, neglected teeth. 24^ x 30^2 in. Educ. Ex. Co. (i£~ 



Framed photograph of the same girl showing improvement result- 
ing from treatment for distortion of teeth. 2434 x 3oYi in. 
Educ. Ex. Co. (1889) 

4 lantern slides on the teeth. 

36 Diseases, First Aid, etc. 

Eschner. — First aid for accidents. 88 x 66 cm. Wachsmuth. 

1. First aid for fractures and wounds. (Die erste Hilfe bei 
Knockenbruch und Verwundungen.) Bandaging wounds and 
broken bones by emergency methods. (327) 

2. Artificial respiration. (Die kunstliche Atmung.) Resusci- 
tation of the drowning, fainting, etc., according to the Sylvester 
method of procedure. (328) 

First aid box for schools. {V erbandkasten fur Schulen.) Ar- 
nold. (490) 
Conveniences for giving first aid to injuries of various kinds, 
put up in a neat closed box, 5 x 9 x 12 inches. Contains 17 
articles, including large bandage cloth, prepared aseptic band- 
ages of mull, cambric, and gauze, medicated cloths for flesh 
wounds, medicated and aseptic cottons, vials of liniments and 
disinfectants, medicated salve, gutta percha paper, adhesive 
tape, pins, etc. The whole kit is for schools, is inexpensive, 
and in convenient form for emergency use. 

American Red Cross First Aid Box. School size. Amer. Red 

Cross. (1994) 

American Red Cross First Aid Charts. 5 charts. 20 x 28 in. 

Amer. Red Cross. (1989-1993) 

1. Skeleton. (1989) 

2. Muscles. (1990) 

3. Circulation. (1991) 

4. Fracture, and dislocation. (1992) 

5. Arteries and points of pressure for controlling hem- 
orrhages. (1993) 

Lantern slides. 

6. lantern slides on children's diseases. 
6 lantern slides on hookworm disease. 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 544 

361 Scarlatina. — Chart showing ratio of morbidity and ratio of 

mortality of scarlatina in Boston per 10,000 of the popu- 
lation, from 1886 to 1909, inclusive. 42 x 61 1 / 2 in. (Bos- 
ton City Hospital, South Department, January, 1910. Chart 
F.) (1039) 

Shows in addition, average ratio of morbidity and mor- 
tality in Boston, 1886- 1894, and 1895- 1909. The ratio of 
morbidity for these two periods decreased 6.97 and the 
ratio of mortality decreased 1.26. 

Chart showing ratio of mortality of scarlatina per 10,000 
of the population in Boston, for sixty-nine years, 1841- 

1909, inclusive. (Boston City Hospital, South Depart- 
ment, January, 1910. Chart E.) (1010) 

Appended note : " Since 1895 when the South Depart- 
ment was opened there has been no general epidemic of 
scarlatina in Boston as compared with previous years." 
This chart also shows that during the 33 years since 1876 
no year has had a ratio of mortality of scarlatina above 
6 per 10,000, whereas during the 36 years immediately 
preceding, 27 years had a ratio above 6 per 10,000. On the 
other hand, during the 36 years, 1841-1876, but one year 
(1865) shows ratio of mortality below 3 per 10,000, while 
since 1876, 23 years have been below 3 per 10,000 and 9 
years have been below 1 per 10,000 of the population. 

See also 362 Diphtheria, and 369 Diseases, Trumpp's 
chart. 

362 Diphtheria. — Chart showing cases of diphtheria and scarlatina 

in Boston, by months, reported to the Board of Health 
from 1890 to 1909. 42 x 56 in. (Boston City Hospital, 

1910. Chart G.) (1009) 
Summated by months, showing the summer depression 

of the curves of morbidity. 

Chart based on the report of the Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service for the six largest cities in the 
U. S. in 1908. 42 x 42 in. (Monthly Report of the State 
Board of Health of Massachusetts, September, 1910, page 
400.) (1019) 

Both diphtheria and scarlatina curves show a drop from 
3,000 and 6,000 respectively to 1,600 and 1,300 during the 
first two months of vacation, with a characteristic rise, 
especially in the case of diphtheria, during the month of 
October. 

Chart based on U. S. Census reports, showing monthly 
incidence of diphtheria. 42 x 61^ in. (Monthly Bulletin 
of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, September, 
1910, page 399) (1038) 

This chart presents two curves, one for school children, 
5 to 14 years, and the other for children from birth to 
5 years.. The two are similar, showing a very much lower 
ratio in vacation months than in school months. 

Chart showing per cent of mortality of diphtheria at 
the Boston City Hospital proper, and at the South De- 
partment, from 1888 to 1909. 42 x 44 in. (Boston City 
Hospital, January, 1910. Chart A.) (1013) 



545 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

This chart shows the decrease in the per cent of mor- 
tality from diphtheria since the introduction of antitoxin 
in 1894 to be from nearly 40% for the six years 1889-1894, 
to less than 4% for the six years 1904-1909. 

Chart showing ratio of the mortality of diphtheria per 
10,000 of the population in Boston from 1876 to 1909. 
(Boston City Hospital, January, 1910. Chart C.) (1014) 

This chart shows decrease from 18.2 to 1.8 during the 
years 1894 to 1909 under the use of antitoxin with average 
ratio of mortality from 1876 to 1894 of 14.25 and from 1895 
to 1909 of 5.17. 

Chart showing ratio of mortality of diphtheria per 10,000 
of the population in Boston and Brooklyn from 1886 to 
1908, inclusive. 42 x 48 in. (Boston City Hospital, South 
Department, January, 1910. Chart I.) (1012) 

This chart shows a decrease in mortality for the period 
1894 to 1908 for Boston, of 18.2 to 3.2 and for Brooklyn, 
12.2 to 3.6. 

Chart showing ratio of mortality of diphtheria per 10,000 
of the population in Boston and New York (old city) 
from 1886 to 1908. 42 x 48^ in. (Boston City Hospital, 
January, 1910. Chart H.) (1008) 

This chart shows a decrease in the ratio of mortality 
for diphtheria under use of antitoxin from 1894 to 1908 
for Boston, 18.2 to 3.2, for New York 12.2 to 4.3. 

Chart showing ratio of mortality of diphtheria per 10,000 
of the population in Boston and Philadelphia from 1886 
to 1908, inclusive. 42 x 47 in. (Boston City Hospital, 
South Department, January, 1910. Chart K.) (1011) 

This chart shows a decrease in the ratio of mortality 
since the introduction of antitoxin, 1894 to 1908, for Bos- 
ton, from 18.2 to 3.2, Philadelphia from 9.3 to 3.3 

See also 369 Diseases, Trumpp's chart. 

363 Measles 

See 369 Diseases, Trumpp's chart. 

364 Typhoid fever 

Map of Florin Village, Lancaster Co., Penna., showing 
schematically source of typhoid infection. Scale: 150 feet 
to the inch. 21^ x 27 in. Gift of Dr. S. G. Dixon. (i437) 

Cross section of cesspool and well in Florin Village, Lan- 
caster Co., Penna., showing source of typhoid infection. 
Scale: Horizontal and vertical, 10 feet to the inch. 21^ x 
27 in. Gift of Dr. S. G. Dixon. (1438) 

369 Miscellaneous 

Trumpp, J. — Die ansteckenden Kinderkrankheiten in Wort 
und Bild. 100 x 60 cm. Lehmann. (32) 

. Wall chart in colors, with discussions showing: Figs. 1-2, 
Measles in mouth, throat and body; Fig. 3, German measles, 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 546 

eruptions on face and neck; Figs. 4-5a, Scarlatina on face and 
body and in throat; Fig. 6, Diphtheria in mouth and throat; 
Fig. 7, Chickenpox on back and face ; Fig. 8, Smallpox, 
eruptions on back and head. There is also a text dis- 
cussion of the symptoms, period of incidence, time of ex- 
clusion of the convalescents, etc., of each of these diseases, 
and in addition, of whooping-cough, influenza, typhoid fever, 
and mumps. The text is printed on and forms part of the 
wall chart. 

Refining and concentrating antitoxins in the Lederle Anti- 
toxin Laboratories. 16 x 29 l A in. Gift of Schieffelin. 

(1200) 
Glass-covered case containing samples of the different anti- 
toxins in the different stages of their preparation. 

37 Effects of Alcohol 

Cabot, Richard & Horsley, Victor, Compilers. — Decreasing med- 
ical use of alcohol. — (Chart based on statistics from Massachu- 
setts General Hospital, Boston, and on reports from the Lon- 
don County asylums.) 22^ x 28J/2 in. Scient. Temp. Fed. 

(183) 
This chart shows that in the London Country asylums the 
use of malt liquors has decreased to about 1/160 of its former 
use. The use of wines and spirits has also decreased, while 
during the same period the staff and patients have increased. 
In the Massachusetts General Hospital the decrease in the 
use of drugs from 1898 to 1907 has been 45.2% and of alco- 
holic liquors has been 77.7% during the same period. " It 
indicates a rapid and striking change among the members of 
the hospital staff, especially in the last five years, when it 
has become generally known that alcohol is not a stimulant, 
but a narcotic, and that drugs can cure only about one-half 
a dozen of the diseases against which we are contending." 
(Cabot, Richard. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, April 
IS. 1909.) 

Demme — Alcoholism and degeneration. — Investigation made by 
Prof. Demme, Bern, 1878 1889. (From Ueber den Einfluss des 
Alkohol auf den Organismus des Kindes. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 
1891.) 22^ x 2% l / 2 in. Scient. Temp. Fed. (181) 

Shows the proportion of physical and mental deformity _ in 
10 very temperate families and 10 very intemperate families. 
Among the temperate families, of 61 children 82% are normal 
and 18% defective. Among the intemperate families, of 57 
children 17.5% are normal and 82.5% are defective. 

Gruber, Max & Kraepelin, Emil, Editors. — Wandtafeln zur 
Alkoholfrage. 100 x 78 cm. Lehmann. (3oa-3oj) 

1. Expenditure for spirituous liquor among workmen. (30a) 
This chart shows the relative expenditure for food, clothing, 

books, liquors, etc., in families with large, medium and small 
incomes, and the way in which it varies in the large and small 
families. 

2. Price and value of the most important foods. (30b) 
This shows the amount of food value in proteids, carbohy- 
drates and fats which can be purchased for one Mark in the 



547 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

various food products, including wines and liquors, also the 
relative amount of food, water and waste in a given amount 
of various foods. 

3. Alcohol and degeneration. (30c) 
The first part of this chart is from the same study as 

Demme's, given above. The third part is Arrive's study of 
the influence of alcohol on depopulation, based on 81 drinking 
and 245 temperate families, having respectively 433 and 847 
children. The infant mortality of the two groups are, before 
birth, 11.5% and 6.6%; at 'birth, 4.6% and 2.6%; between 
birth and the sixth year, 33.5% and 21.1%; living at six years 
of age, 50.4% and 69.7%. The second is Bunge's study of 
the effect of alcohol on tendencies of children to tuberculosis 
and nervous and mental diseases even when the parents show 
none of these tendencies. 

4. Influence of alcohol and tea on the adding of numbers 
of one place. (Kraepelin's method.) (3od) 

This chart shows three curves : one of the rate of addition 
under the influence of no artificial stimulation ; second, under 
stimulation by alcohol ; third, under stimulation by tea. Dur- 
ing the first half hour no stimulants are taken. The three 
curves are close together with a range of only 705 to 720. 
Fifteen minutes later the range is 699 to 846, with alcohol and 
tea respectively in the extremes, the effect of the former 
being to decrease the amount of wprk done, that of the latter 
to increase it. 

5. Influence of daily indulgence in alcohol on ability to add 
figures. (30e) 

This chart represents the amount of addition two people 
did each morning for 27 days. During the first 6 days neither 
took stimulation. There is rapid improvement in each. Then 
for 12 days the one who had been making the highest average 
began to take alcohol. The one not indulging soon became 
superior and continued to improve while the other soon reached 
a maximum and declined. The influence was marked. 

6. Alcohol and school. (3of) 
From R. Hecker's study of the use and influence of alcohol 

among 4,582 children in the people's schools in Munich. 
(Jahrbuch fur Kinderheilkunde, N. F., v. 63, p. 470.) This 
chart shows the per cent of children who never use liquor, 
who drink irregularly, and who drink daily. The per cent 
of each which do good, medium, and poor work, is also shown, 
and the relation which each group bears to the entire number 
of children studied. 

7. Alcohol and mortality. (30g) 
This chart is based on Westergaard's study of mortality and 

morbidity. The chart shows that for every 1,000 general 
deaths the rate would be 953 for professional men, 1,642 for 
hotel and barkeepers, and 1,725 for waiters. The rate for each 
profession in each of the common diseases is also shown. 
The chart also gives expectation and actual mortality in the 
class of abstainers in English life insurance companies. A 
third section of the chart shows the rate for each of the 
callings dying at the various ages from 20 to 65. 



EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 548 

8. Alcohol and personal violence. (30I1) 
This chart represents cases from Kiirz's study on the 

Prophylaxis of Brutal Crimes. (Zur Prophylaxe der Roheits- 
delikte, Monatsschrift fur Kriminalpsychologie, II, 27.) The 
first part represents the proportion of 1,143 assault cases oc- 
curring on each of the days of the week, holidays included 
with Sundays. The second part represents the proportion of 
1,715 cases of assault occurring in the taverns (742), dwell- 
ing-houses (86), street (98), places of work (87), place not 
determined (102). 

9. Alcohol and crime. (3oi) 
This chart is from Baer's study of alcohol and crime, based 

upon 17,155 cases in reformatories and 7,392 cases in peni- 
tentiaries. The chart shows the per cent of convicts for each 
of the various crimes who were moderate drinkers and who 
were habitual drinkers. It is interesting to note that among 
cases of immorality and crimes against persons moderate 
drinkers are in greater number, while habitual drinkers are 
found guilty more often of crimes against property, arson, etc. 

10. Life history of a common drunkard from birth to his 
entrance to the insane asylum at the age of 46. (30J) 

This chart shows every month from i860 to 1906, giving 
time spent at liberty, in jails, prisons, penitentiaries, work- 
houses, and his final entrance to the asylum. First incarcera- 
tion is July, 1878, second in August of the same year. After 
that the longest unbroken period of liberty was from July, 
1894, to January, 1896, which followed but for two short deten- 
tions the longest single imprisonment, from June, 1892, to 
June, 1894. 1° all the chart shows 56 imprisonments upon 
various charges. 

MacNicholl, T. Alexander, Compiler. — Alcohol and disabilities 
of school children. (From Journal of American Medical 
Association, February 2, 1007.) 22^/2 x 28^ in. Scient. Temp. 
Fed. (182) 

A study of mental dullness and nervous and organic dis- 
eases based on 3,711 children of 1,100 families. Mental dull- 
ness in children of drinking parents but abstaining grand- 
parents, 73% ; in children of abstaining parents but drinking 
grandparents, 78% ; in children where both parents and grand- 
parents are abstaining, 4%. Nervous and organic diseases in 
children having hereditary alcoholic taint, 77% ; in children 
free from alcoholic taint, 18%. 

Schnyder, L. — "Do you work hard?" Alcohol and muscle 
work. — Ergographic experiments in muscle fatigue. (From 
Alkohol und Muskelkraft. Bonn, Emil Strauss, 1910.) 22^ 
x 28^ in. Scient. Temp. Fed. (180) 

Shows the comparative amount of work done in ten days 
without alcohol and in ten days with alcohol. 

39 Miscellaneous 

" Dont's" for children. — Card, "Remember these things," posted 
in public schools in Providence, R. I. 24^ x 30^2 in. Ed. 
Ex. Co. (1890) 



549 EDUCATIONAL MUSEUM AT CLARK UNIVERSITY 

4 MENTAL HYGIENE AND THE HYGIENE OF 
INSTRUCTION 

41 Psychological Age 

42 Mental Hygiene 

15 lantern slides on the brain and nervous system. Williams, 
Brown & Earle. 

43 Fatigue 

Adsersen's chart. — (Korpertemperatur und Hautsensibilitat) 
showing variations in dermal sensitivity tested by the aesthesi- 
ometer as compared with diurnal variations in bodily tempera- 
ture. (1043) 

44 Period of Study, etc. 

Burgerstein, Leo — Wandtafeln sur Schulhygiene. 39^4 x 55 J^ 
in. K. k. Schulb. V. (1016c) 

Chart C. Influence of afternoon sessions on morbidity and 
voluntary attention. " Fig. One in Chart ' C ' presents the results 
of the investigations of Schmidt-Monnard of Halle upon sev- 
eral thousand boys and girls in middle class schools. The 
figure shows that anemia, habitual headache, nervousness, in- 
somnia, lack of appetite, etc., were more common among 
children with afternoon sessions than with children with morn- 
ing sessions. These complaints were generally more com- 
mon among the girls than among the boys. 

" Figure Two in Chart ' C ' illustrates the result of Schuyten's 
observations in the public schools of Antwerp. These obser- 
vations were made daily and cover over six hundred children 
between the ages of seven and fourteen years for a period 
of two years. They indicate that the percentage of cases 
showing voluntary attention was greater in the morning ses- 
sions than in the afternoon sessions, save in May, June and 
July. During these months the noon hour is more favorable 
for recreation and play. Schuyten regards this as an explana- 
tion for the increased afternoon attention in May, June and 
July." (T. A. Storey, Ped. Sent., March, 1911. Vol. 18, p 105.) 

45 Grading 

Johnson, G. E. Partial perspective of public education in Pitts- 
burgh. (1037) 

This chart has special reference to physical exercises, play- 
ground associations, amusement parks, day nurseries, vacation 
schools, with special reference also to the type of activity for 
the various ages and leading to the various occupations. The 
chart is also suggestive as to the best physical and mental 
preparation for courses in high schools, evening schools, 
special schools, colleges, and universities. 

Sonderklassen-System der Mannheimer Volksschule. (Internat. 

Kong. f. Schulhygiene, 1904. 4 Bd. S. 210.) (1015) 

Shows the system of grading in the Mannheim Volksschule 

with diagrammatical sketch of the system of regular and 

irregular promotions, demotions and repetitions. 



educational museum at clark university 550 

46 Physical Exercise 

Schmidt, F. A. — Influence and results of physical exercises in 
youth. 22^ x so l / 2 in. Buxenstein. (1048) 

Shows various physical exercises for securing strength, 
skill, quickness, endurance, alertness, etc., with the physiolog- 
ical effects on lungs, heart, circulation, metabolism, muscles, 
nerves, etc., together with lasting bodily, moral and aesthetic 
gain for each kind. Verbal statement, not diagrammatical. 
(Loaned by Dr. W. H. Burnham.) 

Schmidt, F. A. — Summary of the physical exercises most bene- 
ficial at the different ages of life. Bonn, n. d. (1018) 
Shows physiological character and prevailing needs of 
exercises for ages in five triennial periods, 6 to 20 years ; also 
the specific kinds of exercises which satisfy these needs and 
diagrammatically the age at which each exercise should be 
begun and discontinued. The shading shows the amount of 
the various exercises suitable for the different ages. (Loaned 
by Dr. W. H. Burnham.) 

Johnson, G. E. — Summary of active plays and games most bene- 
ficial at different ages, adapted from Dr. F. A. Schmidt's 
chart of physical exercises. (1017) 

This chart gives specific games for securing the kinds of 
exercise recommended by Dr. Schmidt (see above), and shows 
diagrammatically by triennial periods up to 20 years the age 
at which each should be emphasized. Done in blue print, 
30 x 60 inches. (Loaned by Dr. W. H. Burnham.) 

Rothf eld's Schulturnbefreiungstafel. Miiller. (2023) 

The department of Psychology in the University has a large 
collection of psychological apparatus important in the study 
of mental hygiene, but the Museum makes no attempt to 
duplicate this nor the neurological material in the department 
of Biology. In other departments of the Museum there are 
also some things related to the subject of hygiene but not 
mentioned here. It is hoped that catalogues of the rest of the 
collection will be prepared later. The material of the Museum 
is largely available for teachers and the writers would 
request the co-operation of teachers and others, and specially 
request information when old desks and seats and the like are 
to be disposed of as such material is often valuable to the 
Museum. 

The writers wish to express their indebtedness to President G. 
Stanley Hall, who conceived the original plan of the Museum and 
collected a large part of the material, for his constant advice and 
encouragement in regard to its development, to Dr. Louis N. Wilson 
for valuable suggestions, to Dr. Leroy W. Sackett and Mr. Kirkman 
K. Robinson for assistance in describing the charts mentioned above, 
and to many others who have rendered valuable aid. 



ADDRESSES OF FIRMS 



The names and addresses of the firms mentioned in the text are 
given below. For further information in regard to illustrative ma- 
terial one may well consult the " Bibliotheca Paedagogica," a trade 
list of models, charts and the like offered for sale by German pub- 
lishers. This catalogue is sold by G. E. Stechert & Co., at a cost 
of about forty-five cents. 

Where no firm is mentioned in the text, the material was usually 
made at Clark University. 

American Red Cross, 715 Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. 

American Seating Co., 70 Franklin St., Boston, Mass. 

American Water Supply Co., 251 Causeway St., Boston, Mass. 

Arnold, Max, Chemnitz, Germany. 

Bad. Lehrmittel Anstalt. Inhaber: Otto Pezoldt, Karlsruhe i. B., 
Kaiserstrasse 14, Germany. 

Bardeen, C. W., Syracuse, N. Y. 

Beijers, F. & G., Stockholm, Sweden. 

Boston Schoolhouse Commission, 120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 

Brayton, George, 1074 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 

Burnitol Manufacturing Co., 39 Sudbury St., Boston, Mass. 

Biixenstein, W., Bonn, Germany. 

Cambridge Botanical Supply Co., Cambridge, Mass. 

Chandler Seating Co. 

Cobe, Myer, 120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 

Dixon, Dr. Samuel G., Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pa. 

Educational Exhibition Co., 70 Waterman St., Providence, R. I. 

Foltz & Fuller, Inc., 417 Ninth St. W., Washington, D. C. 

General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 

Gresham Publishing Co., 34 Southampton St., London, England. 

Hardy, F. A., & Co., 131 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. 

Harvard Apparatus Co. Back Bay P. O., Boston, Mass. 

Hohmann & Maurer Manufacturing Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

International Instrument Co., 23 Church St., Cambridge, Mass. 

Jacobus Pneumatic Ink-well Co., 16 Exchange Place, New York City. 

K. k. Schulbiicher-Verlag, Wien, Austria. 

Kleine, George, 161 No. State St., Chicago, 111. 

Kny-Scheerer Co., 404 W. 27th St., New York City. 

Langslow, Fowler Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

Lehmann, J. H., Miinchen, Germany. 

Limeburner, J. E., Co., 1720 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Longfellow, A. W., 1124 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. 

McCormick, Elizabeth, Memorial Fund, 315 Plymouth Court, Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Makepeace, B. L., 387 Washington St., Boston, Mass. 

Montaudon, Jean, 56, Rue de Vaugirard, Paris, France. 

Muller, P. Johannes, Charlottenburg, Spandauerstr. 10a, Germany. 

Paulin, Henri, et Cie., Paris, France. 

Plumer, Charles A., 17 Whiting St., Roxbury, Mass. 

Priebatsch's Buchhandlung, Breslau, Germany. 

Queen & Co., 1211 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Meyer Brothers Drug Co., St. Louis, Mo. 



ADDRESSES OF FIRMS 552 

Riedel, Theodor, Miinchen, Germany. 

Roberts, W. N., 206 Pierce Building, Copley Square, Boston, Mass. 

Sallmann, Carl, Basel, Switzerland. 

Sanifacient Humidor Co., 308 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. 

Schieffelin & Co., 170 William St., New York City. 

Schmidt & Haensch, Berlin, S. 42, Prinzessinnenstr. 16, Germany. 

Scientific Temperance Federation, 23 Trull St., Boston, Mass. 

Scott Paper Co., Seventh & Glenwood Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Single Service Package Corporation, 71 Broadway, New York City. 

Somerville Brush Co., 236 Washington St., Somerville, Mass. 

Stechert, G. E., & Co., 121 W. 25th St., New York City. 

Stone & Forsyth, 67 Kingston St., Boston, Mass. 

Sturgis, R. Clipston, 120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. 

Tannewitz Works, Grand Rapids, Mich. 

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

Voss, Leopold, Hamburg, Germany. 

Wachsmuth, F. E., Leipzig, Germany. 

Walter, Anton, Dornbirn, Germany. 

Williams, Brown & Earle, 918 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




